https://catherineowensart.com/blog daily 0.75 2025-04-09 https://catherineowensart.com/blog/the-natural-dye-chronicles-woad-part-iii monthly 0.5 2025-04-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/f57362d9-e80c-483e-b0d5-4bc715cc6f3b/Cornelius-Tacitus-Hugo-de-Groot.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part III - Make it stand out “Picten en hunne Landing” Cornelius Tacitus; Hugo de Groot (1583-1645), Peace Palace Library, Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/2d801a23-03a4-45f8-a256-cc4965afbb77/Picts+through+the+Ages-web.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part III - Make it stand out 1) De gentivm aliquot migrationibus, by Wolfgang Lazius, 1557, National Library of Poland, Wikimedia Commons. 2) John Cassell's Illustrated History of England: From the earliest period to the reign of Edward the Fourth, 1857, Wikimedia Commons. 3) Amaldon, from the Picts Vs Romans 5k & World Heritage Day event, 18 April 2017, Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/e6b1002d-4773-4eb2-8f4d-3ce502fa3d56/Pictish+stone+carvings-web.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part III - Make it stand out Carved Pictish stone slabs featuring animal and geometric figures, left to right: 1,2,3,4,5 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/42049d95-ce1a-46df-a6c1-21420385416c/512px-38_Isatis_tinctoria_L.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part III - Make it stand out Isatis tinctoria, L. Amédée Masclef, Atlas des plantes de France. 1891 Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/38e38a40-8c1d-4a83-96cb-d9fd0c3ca3bc/512px-Indigo_hands.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part III - Make it stand out Photo of indigo-dyed hands from Wikimedia Commons; by Anjora Noronha March 5, 2011 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/8755673f-11c5-4aec-8806-708b2c0d70fb/Iron_age_cosmetic_mortar_web.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part III - Make it stand out Iron Age Cosmetic Mortar: An incomplete copper alloy cosmetic mortar or 'woad grinder' dating to the Late Iron Age or Early Roman period, c. 1-200 AD. National Museums Liverpool , Vanessa Oakden, 2017-05-19. Image in the public domain Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/d4b875ae-f3dd-4fce-9478-614d010ce86e/Irezumi_triptych_web.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part III - Make it stand out Japanese Irezumi, L to R: 1) "S. Ogawa, Photographer, Yokohama", 1890s, Wikimedia Commons. 2) Japanese man tattooed with a snake figure, Unknown author, c 1880-1890, Wikimedia commons. 3) Portrait of a man with Japanese Irezumi tattoo, Baron Raimund von Stillfried, 1868-1880, Wikimedia Commons https://catherineowensart.com/blog/the-natural-dye-chronicles-woad-part-ii monthly 0.5 2025-03-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/e1c90df7-0826-4e1b-9e64-388ee3eb7e1b/Steps+in+woad+processing.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part II - Make it stand out Steps in woad processing by Frédéric Neupont au Muséum du Pastel de Toulouse-Labège; Sept 7 2022. Public Domain image accessed via Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/074cbfae-651d-4c49-8d3f-2aefdc3b4ee2/Pigment%2C+Paint%2C+Dye+graphic+with+text+2-04.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part II - Make it stand out Everyday parlance often confuses the words ‘paint,’ ‘pigment,’ and ‘dye,’ so it’s worth spending a moment to define them. Image © Catherine Owens 2025 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/9b2720f2-740d-431e-b14c-d76d6c5afbbb/Indigo+dyed+textile+found+in+Peru%2C+4200+BCE.png The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part II - Make it stand out Diagram and photo of indigo-dyed textile remnants found at the Huaca Prieta ceremonial mound in Northern Peru, dating to 4200 BCE. J.C. Splitstoser et al, Science Advances https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/ef3608aa-360d-4e69-9d17-480964ad3bde/Isatis+tinctoria%2C+Pethan%2C+May+2025+Botanic+Garden+in+Utrecht%2C+Netherlands1.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part II - Make it stand out Inflorescence of Isatis tinctoria, aka woad. Photo by Pethan, 2005, at Botanical Gardens in Utrecht, Netherlands. Public Domain image accessed via Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/6a611de5-fe43-414c-88de-c2922df94daa/Woad_mill%2C_Parson_Drove.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part II - Make it stand out “The Interior of the Woad Mill at Parson Drove, Cambridgeshire” by James Doyle Penrose. Oil on canvas, 1906. Public domain image accessed via Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/ab243cce-1510-4020-8835-a7a379d9c4c7/Woad+PII+Graphics-02.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part II - Woad processing juxtaposed with the chemical transformations happening at each stage Woad Processing juxtaposed with the chemical transformations that are occurring at each stage. Indigo precursors Indican and Isatan A are altered by plant and bacterial enzymatic activity to form the soluble Indoxyl molecule. At this stage, the solution is theoretically ready to dye; however, indoxyl readily combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to form the pigment ‘indigotin.’ As we discussed above, a pigment can be used to make a paint, but it cannot be used as a dye. Therefore, dyers either need to halt this addition of oxygen with a chemical intervention, or, they need a way to shift the indigotin pigment back into a soluble form at a later time. Both of these options can be achieved by creating a controlled environment that has as little oxygen as possible. Enter: The Indigo Vat. Bacterial fermentation is a tried-and-true method for removing free oxygen molecules from a solution. Bacteria need sugar and warmth in order to multiply, so the first steps in creating an indigo vat are to feed it and heat it. As these bacteria work their magic, they produce hydrogen ions, which bind up free oxygen molecules in the vat, creating the desired anoxic environment. However, once all of the oxygen molecules have been paired off with hydrogen, ongoing bacterial activity will continue to produce hydrogen ions which will acidify the solution. Left to its own devices, this acid build-up will eventually become toxic to life, killing off the bacteria we’re relying on to maintain our oxygen-free environment. To prevent this, dyers must add alkalinity to the solution to counterbalance all the acid. Drawings © Catherine Owens 2025 https://catherineowensart.com/blog/the-woad-chronicles-part-i monthly 0.5 2025-03-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/6becfab5-bab9-4356-a004-d4ce971aa6f2/512px-The_True_Picture_of_a_Women_Picte.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part I - Make it stand out “The True Picture of a Woman Picte,” a hand-colored engraving of an imagined Pictish woman by Theodor de Bry, 1588; Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/1738376379776-85I1DV7DY3F7Z2HI2KJL/Pict+Depictions+2.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part I - Make it stand out Imagined Pictish man and woman by artist John White in the mid to late 16th century. Wikimedia Commons, public domain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/d6b5f410-a259-4463-95f7-191ebdd64252/512px-Ancient_Britons_-_Description_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_%28c.1574%29%2C_f.8v_-_BL_Add_MS_28330.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part I - Make it stand out Drawing of Ancient Britons, circa 1547 AD by unknown Dutch artist. Held and digitized by the British Library; Wikimedia Commons, public domain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5db0a0d8d796e252b57cb7c4/6122bdaa-52bb-44e0-949e-27a26955d4ec/lossy-page1-465px-Habit_of_a_Pict._Ancient_Pict_%28NYPL_b14140320-1638439%29+3.tiff.jpg The Natural Dye Chronicles - The Natural Dye Chronicles: Woad, Part I - Make it stand out “Habit of a Pict. Ancient Pict,” imagined body art of a Pictish warrior, originally published in 1590 by unknown artist. 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